Regnum Francorum Online — interactive maps and sources of early medieval Europe 614-840

Part 2 of Les monnaies royales de France sous la race Carolingienne by Ernest Gariel, Strasbourg 1884, page 161 and onwards, with planches XIV and onwards, is available online at Google Books. This publication contains a catalog of different coins, known at the time this book was published, from Louis the Pious and his successors before Hugo Capet. This book is believed to be in the public domain since the author has been dead for more than 70 years. It is available at Google Books from inside USA, or via a US-proxy server. The book is also available from the Internet Archive, scanned by University of Toronto, but without the planches. This far, I have extracted the images of the coins issued by Louis the Pious (planches XIV-XX), in all 155 coins, and added the descriptions to the Mint map-layer. Some time ago, I added the coins issued by king Pepin the Short, Charlemagne and Carloman (768-771) from part 1 of this catalog. The quality of the scans are not too bad, but the 50 coins from the catalog mentioned in the previous post (Veuillin 1871), in part the same coins as Gariels catalog, are sharper.

I believe this book can be of interest for a wider audience, so I descided to upload the two parts of the book to my server, making it available worldwide. Here is an overview of the different digital copies:

Ernst Gariel (d. 1884). Les monnaies royales de France sous la race Carolingienne, Strasbourg 1884. Library of Congress Online Catalog

Part 1. page 1-160, planches I-XIII. Pepin, Carloman and Charlemagne.
8,416 KB: Goggle Books USA, Internet Archive (same as Google), Regnum Francorum Online (same as Google).

Part 2. Louis the Pious and his successors, page 161-361, planches XIV-LXVIII.
19,102 KB: Google Books USA, Internet Archive (Note: without the planches!), Regnum Francorum Online (same as Google)

In the Mint map-layer, there are 50 new drawings of coins issued by emperor Louis the Pious (814-840). The drawings have been extracted from Notice sur un dépot de monnaies carlovingiennes découvert en juin 1871 aux environs du Veuillin, Commune d'Apremont, Département du Cher, by Bompois, Hubert Ferdinand. This publication is available from the Internet Archive, and from the original scanner Google Books. The latter can only be accessed from inside USA or through a US-proxy server. To see the drawings at this website, load the Mint-layer or the Louis the Pious-layer.

Gallia christiana: in provincias ecclesiaticas distributa, tomus quartus. 1728. scanned by google Books books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ
Table of contents:

Provincia Lugdunensis Prima, cujus metropolis Lugdunum [Lyon]
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA9

Archiepiscopi Lugdunenses.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA12

De abbatiis diocesis Lugdunensis.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA215

Ecclesia Augustodunensis. [Autun]
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA311

Ecclesia Lingonensis. [Langres]
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA508

Ecclesia Cabilonensis. [Chalon-sur-Saône]
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA868

Ecclesia Matisconensis. [Mâcon]
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1046

Instrumenta ad tomum IV. Galliae Chrisianae in provincias ecclesiasticas distributae spectantia. Quae pertinent ad provinciam Lugdunensem.

Ecclesiae Lugdunensis instrumenta
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA18

Instrumenta ad ecclesiam Eduensem spectantia.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA39

Instrumenta Lingonensis ecclesiae.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA131

Instrumenta ecclesiae Cabilonensis.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA225

Instrumenta ecclesiae Matisconensis.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA264

Glossarium vocum barbararum, corruptarum et exoticarum, quae in hoc quarto tomo continentur.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT5

Index generalis
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT11

Index archiepiscoporum
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT25

Index episcoporum
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT26

Index praepositorum et decanorum.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT29

Index abbatum et priorum.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT31

Index abbatissarum.
books.google.com/books?id=vNg-AAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PT44

The possibility to embed documents from Google Books inside an IFRAME or DIV element, was new to me when I came across this service yesterday. This is now implemented as an option when a visitor views information about sources in the sources, maps or Google maps sections of this website. Simply follow the link "Embed Google document here", when viewing detailed source information. The same restrictions on full-view documents apply here, that is, only documents published before approximately 1870 is considered to belong to the public domain outside USA. As usual Google is first in offering useful and exciting services. Just think if Gallica, dMGH or other provider of historical sources would open the possibility to embed content on external websites like this. The embedded viewer can be used statically in an IFRAME-element, or programatically (through a Java-script API) in a DIV-element. Follow this link to view Geo-referenced sources of early medieval Europe as an overlay of Google Maps, and then click on a location, for example, monastery Wissembourg in the Alsace region of France, and click the Embed Google document link on Liber donationum. Maybe too much Google for some people, but anyway, I think it's rather cool, and it says something about the dominance of Google as a provider of embedded services. For more information on how to implement the embedded viewer, follow this link.

Monumenta Boica, volume 31, pars I: Diplomata Imperatorum Apographa (1836) is now online at Google Books. This 19th century series contains editions of medieval primary sources concerning Bavaria. The German Wikisource has a comprehensive list of URL:s to digital libraries where the individual volumes can be found, freely available for download. This particular volume contains some hard-to-find diplomas of emperor Louis the Pious (814-840).

Google Books has made available a number of older cartulary editions published in the 18th century, concerning Carolingian Europe. Of course, these editions are not the most recent, but the latin texts are online, for anyone to study, comfortable at ones desk. I think we can expect that Corpus traditionum Fuldensium, by Johann Friedrich Schannat (1724) will soon become available too.

Lamey, Andreas (1768), Codex principis olim Laureshamensis abbatiae diplomaticus ... tomus 1, p. 1.

Neugart, Trudpert. Codex diplomaticus Alemanniae et Burgundiae trans-Iuranae intra fines dioecesis Constantiensis. Tomus I. 1791 URL

Pez, Bernhard. Thesaurus anecdotorum novissimus, seu veterum monumentorum praecipue ecclesiasticorum, ex germanicis potissimum bibliothecis adornata collectio recentissima, Volym 1. 1721 URL; including Codex Diplomaticus Ratisponensis, Codex Traditionum Sanct-Emmerammensium (also avialable as Traditionum Emmerammensium, in: Patrologiae cursus completus. Tomo CXXIX. Migne, 1853), and in part, Chronologico diplomaticus episcopatus Ratisbonensis. Tomus I), and Anamodi subdiaconi Ratisponensis, Traditionum sanct-Emmerammensium, Libri II.

Schöttgen, Christian. Diplomatarii et Scriptores Historicæ Germanicæ medii ævi cum sigillis æri incisis opera et studio. 1753. URL

Lamey, Andreas. Codex principis olim Laureshamensis abbatiae diplomaticus ex aevo maxime Carolingico diu multumque desideratus. Mannheim 1768-1770. Tomus primus, Tomus secundus, Tomus tertius. The modern edition of Codex Laureshamiensis, by Karl Glöckner (1929-1936), is available at Austrian litterature online.

Schoepflin, Johann Daniel. Alsatia aevi Merovingici, Carolingici, Saxonici, Salici, Suevici diplomatica. Operis pars I. Merovingica Alsatiae diplomata et chartae. 1772. URL. This edition is also available at Göttinger Digitalisierungszentrum (GDZ), who claims some kind of copyright of their digitized copy!

Grandidier, Philippe-André. Histoire de l'Eglise et des évêques princes de Strasbourg. Tome I. Codex diplomaticus ecclesiae et dioecesis Argentinensis seu pieces justificatives pour servir de preuves a l'histoire des évêques et de l'eglise de Strasbourg. Siecle Merovingien. Strasbourg 1778. URL

Grandidier, Philippe-André. Histoire de l'Eglise et des évêques princes de Strasbourg. Tome II. depuis l'an 817 jusqua l'an 965, suivi des pieces justificatives du siecle carlovingien. Codex diplomaticus ecclesiae et dioecesis Argentinensis seu pieces justificatives pour servir de preuves a l'histoire des évêques et de l'eglise de Strasbourg. Siecle Carlovingien. Strasbourg 1778. URL

I know it's a deadly sin in this context to change already established links to resources on a website, especially if they are said to be permanent. However, due to the experimental nature of this website it was necessary for the logic of some of the canonical links, to do so.
Monasteries can be linked through their name, preceded by the label /monastery, as in http://www.francia.ahlfeldt.se/monastery/Wissembourg. This link produce a map of evidence of property of monastery Wissembourg, located in the region Alsace, France. These URL are then translated by a resolving engine to the current technical implementation of retrieving the resources from the database. The following logic is used. Monasteries located in a city with other church institutions have an URL preceded by the city name and the monastery name, like /monastery/Gent, Saint-Bavo and /monastery/Gent, Blandinium. The reason for this is that every name must be unique. In other cases, where the monastery is the only institution in the city, the name itself is sufficient, like /monastery/Prüm.

Here is a list of some recently changed URL:s with names longer than necessary according to the logic.
/monastery/Wissembourg, Saint-Pierre => /monastery/Wissembourg
/monastery/Prüm, Sankt Salvator => /monastery/Prüm
/monastery/Saint-Omer, Saint-Bertin => /monastery/Saint-Bertin
A list of valid URL:s to all monasteries are listed on this page.

I'm implementing some features of the interactive maps using the Google Maps API, drawing layers (overlays) on Google base-maps. Click here if you are interested in following a work in progress exploring the advantages and disadvantages of building a historical GIS-application on top of this service from Google. Previously I experienced some problems with the web-browser Internet Explorer, but they are now solved. At this stage this implementation is highly experimental.

In the top menu of this website, you might have noticed a link to a blog of mine, named Early Medieval Mapping. I intend to use this blog to elaborate and discuss conceptual, methodological and technical issues regarding the development of the Regnum Francorum Online database application. I have posted two articles about using MySQL and PHP to draw interactive maps from geographical data stored in a database. There is also an article describing the aim of the blog and this historical GIS application. More articles will be added covering topics related to this website, including digitization of historical sources and literature, the semantic web, historical GIS and online mapping in general.

Webservice: City information and source evidence

Type: XML
Url: http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/xml_export_geoname.php
Parameters:
geoId: must be set. Geographical Id:s identify places and institutions in Regnum Francorum. The Id:s can be retrieved with another XML webservice, see below.
style: SHORT, MEDIUM (default) or FULL, full style includes latin quotes from sources.
maxRows: default = 200
minYear: default = 0
maxYear: default = 1200
Result: returns geographic information about the city identified by a Regnum Francorum geoId and a list of source-evidence, including url to source editions or url to full-text documents (e.g. dMGH), if available on the internet, as a XML-document.
Example: Retrieve information about Brumath, Bas-Rhin, France
http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/xml_export_geoname.php?geoId=377

There are also links to this webservice inside the maps-section when viewing full-information about cities. This webservice can, for example, be implemented on a website in the same manner I have implemented a Wikipedia webservice from GeoNames on this website, see inside the maps-section under "All evidence" of a city.

Webservice: Find Geographic Id of places in Regnum Francorum Online.

Type: XML
Url: http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/xml_find_geoid.php
Parameters:
ss: UTF-8 encoded search string with at least 2 characters. Will attempt to find places and institutions beginning with the search string. This parameter must be set.
cc: ISO 3166 Country code (optional)
Result: returns geographic information about places and institutions, including the geoId, matching the search string, as a XML-document.
Example: Find geographic places beginning with "bru"
http://francia.ahlfeldt.se/xml_find_geoid.php?ss=bru.

The use of this webservices is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 License. You should give credit to Regnum Francorum Online when using data, images or web services with a link or another reference. Commercial usage is NOT allowed. The data is provided "as is" without warranty or any representation of accuracy, timeliness or completeness. This website is a prototype and is constantly under development.

I have added a new section to this website, the Gallery of maps. It's a preview of different types of maps that can be drawn with this application, together with extensive information about the features of the interactive maps. Among the new features are the physical background map showing elevations at approx. 300, 900, 2000 and 3000 meters, and the latitude/longitude raster. Geographic codes for France (from Institut National de la Statistique et des études économiques, INSEE) have been added displaying information about département, arrondissement and canton of French cities and villages. Explore the Gallery section.

The maps of Regnum Francorum Online are now drawn using the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. During the development process some minor visual features have been changed and others have been taken off-line and will be implemented later (e.g. animation). The scale of the map is currently expressed as meters per pixel and range from 100 to 1000. When the map is redrawn the content of the text-area to the right is erased, and the map legends are loaded instead. This is because the map-coordinates and distances reported in the text have become obsolete with the new map and need to be re-calculated.

A number of background maps concerning the division of the Frankish kingdom under the Carolingians have been added. It's now also possible to choose the content of the itinerary-maps from five categories.
Load Interactive Maps

A secondary, smaller map has been added in the maps section to show detailed information. For example, when working with the itinerary of Charlemagne, clicking on a monastery will show the evidence of the institution to the right. There are three new features here.
Firstly, there is a new button with the label "Show institution / pagus". When clicked, the property of the institution (e. g. monastery, bishopric), or cities of the pagus, will show in the secondary map, appearing to the left, between the text and the main map. The secondary map is drawn independently from the main map with it's own size, scale and background (currently pagus-territories and without the roads-network). Clicking a city on this map will also show evidence-text to the right and distance of the city from the reference-point of the secondary map, for example, the monastery itself, or the center of the pagus.
Secondly, the distance from the reference city of the main map to the city clicked on is shown. The current reference-city is shown above the main map, together with the selected time-period. The reference-city is the last city centered, or the city of the latest layer. Time-period is changed in the options-form .
Thirdly, for all cities clicked on the main map, there are also the option of showing a detailed map of the city and it's surrounding localities in the secondary map. The detailed map is loaded by clicking on the link next to the magnifier button .
Map section of this website

I have created a new map-layer, or rather added features to an old one: Roman itineraries (Itinerarium Antonini, the pilgrim of Bordeaux, geographer of Ravenna etc.). I recently discovered the database Epigraphische Datenbank Clauss - Slaby, with ALL Roman incriptions ever published. Primarily the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum - series that started in 1863, but also the constributions published in l'Année Épigraphique 1888 onwards, as well as other sources. In the database are the texts of the inscriptions but also links to pictures, Google Maps and additional information, especially from the database Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg.

My contribution is to georeference the locations of the milestones, to provide an interactive overview-map of all the evidence and integrate this with data from Roman itineraries and the roads-network. When clicking the map, cities and quotes from the inscription of the milestone, and quotes from Roman itineraries, will show in the right pane, together with a direct link to the individual record in the database Epigraphische Datenbank Clauss - Slaby. This way, the milestone-map of this website becomes a graphical interface to the inscription-database. This far I have completed the milestones in the Roman provinces Germania, Belgica, Lugdunensis, Noricum, Raetia and Aquitania.

Follow this link to load the Roman milestone-layer.

Reference: Replica of Roman Milestone, Pölich, Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany. Photo: Klaus D. Peter, Wiehl, Germany. Source: Wikimedia Commons. CIL 17-02, no. 545, from year 212.

Les monnaies royales de France by Ernest Gariel, Strasbourg 1884, previously available on Google Book Search with US-proxy only (http://books.google.com/books?id=ujQGAAAAQAAJ), is now uploaded to the Internet Archive. The book contains hundreds of drawing of coins issued by Pepin, Charlemagne and Carloman. I have georeferenced the mint workshops and made the drawings available through a map layer. There are 308 drawings. Click here to access.

RP | +TRI/CAS

This layer also contains georeferenced photos of a selection of coins from the website French Royals: Carolingian coins, published here with permission.

Neues Archiv (1876-1935) und Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters, (1937 onwards), with some 5 years embargo for recent issues, are all online as scanned images free of charge at DigiZeitschriften. I have roughly selected articles from the two journals, 284 from NA and 98 from DA that fits the scope of this website, and added them to the link collection at Regnum Francorum. For the individual articles, I have constructed direct links based on ISSN number, issue and page. This way of linking was reported on the Archivalia website, but is not the official way to do it. Links that refer to page 1, are not working as expected as it seem that the resolver at DigiZeitschriften can't handle roman numbers and arabic numbers correctly. The next step will be to georeference the articles so they will appear on the maps of this website

• Map of available editions of primary sources
• Map of available literature

Update: this feature is currently off-line.

There are two more animated maps of property acquisitions of monastery Lorsch (764-918), beta version. In the first sequence you will be able to see previous acquisitions in gray, together with acquisitions the current year. In the second sequence the cumulative numbers of acquisitions are shown as they develop, turning from green (less than 10 donations) to red (more than 20 donations). Follow this link and click on the film symbol on the map-toolbar to get into animation mode. Then read the instructions in the help window to the right to get started.

The first part of Die Regesten Karls des Kahlen 840 (823) - 877 (in german), edited by Irmgard Fees and published 2007, summaries of the charters, and other sources of the political activity of Charles the Bald (Charles le Chauve) until 848, are available in the database at Regesta Imperii. This is a very important contribution because very few of the editions of the royal charters of the west frankish kingdom are online. With this volume you get a very good overview of the activities of king Charles the Bald, a discussion of the sources and references where to find source material, of which a great number are in fact online. Use the collection of links to sources at this website to find out where to find them!

At the digital library Gallica, National library of France, a number of editions of Le Moyen âge are now available. Here is an overview, visualiseur.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34468932w/date. The editions from 1888 to 1938 are digitized as scans. Together with all editons of the Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes, already available at Persée, there are now many scholarly articles about merovingian and carolingian Europe online, which I will try to register and index in the collection of links to sources at this website.

I have begun to experiment with animation, that is, visualizing events over time such as the itinerary of Charlemagne, or, donations and other property transactions in favour of monastery Lorsch. The smallest time unit at this point is a whole year, but data is registered on a day precision when available and will be used later, especially for visualizing itineraries. The button to start animation mode is situated on the map toolbar and has the clock symbol. In animation mode, a different set of buttons appear on the toolbar. Click the clock button again to start animation. I'm working with two pictures in this mode. One static background image with territories, rivers and roads which is not changing, and one transparent image containing the symbols for cities and institutions. The latter image is updated every four second. The animation can be paused at any moment by clicking the clock button again.

There are great news from Monumenta Germaniae historica (dMGH). They now make it possible to link directly to individual pages by resolving page numbers, or, in the Diplomata series, charter numbers, together with commonly used abbreviations. For example, both links below refer to charter D Arn 20 issued by emperor Arnulf in 888.
www.mgh.de/dmgh/diplomata/resolving/D_Arn_020
www.mgh.de/dmgh/resolving/DD_Arn_S._30
More information can be obtained on the MGH website.

I have started to implement direct linking to the dMGH from this application when appropriate. Following this link you can try yourself. D Kar. 1 Nr. 16. In the right pane there is a link to the source document at dMGH.

Inspired by the MGH website, I have also implemented exporting cities of individual charters in this application to Google Maps. Following the link to D Kar. 1. Nr. 16 above, there is a link to Google Maps in the right pane as well. The city quotes from this application is also included in the export. Note that the map specification file from this website at Google Maps is temporary and will last for 60 minutes only. This can be very useful, especially when selecting the Terrain-view at Google Maps. It gives a feature that is not implemented in this application. Of course it is also useful when you want the compare the early medieval situation with the contemporary one in terms of geography.

As a web publisher I have joined the Britannica Online program that let me link to full-content articles in the online Encyclopædia Britannica. Here is one example, Charlemagne, king of the Franks and emperor 768-814.

The interactive maps of this website are now licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial 3.0 License. Read more about the license in the About section.

Currently I'm working on the implementation of functions that will let the visitors of this website post comments about the items and contents of this site. After I have read this excellent article about writing secure PHP-code I urgently had to adjust parts of my own code. This article is in three parts, easy to understand, contains a lot of comments from others, and is strongly recommended to everyone writing their own PHP-code. You can't get too secure. There is always something that can be done better. For example, if you adjust your PHP-settings with a local php.ini file, you must not forget to change the permissions of the file on a Apache-server from 644 to 600. Otherwise your settings can be read by others. A php.ini file must be present in every directory that runs PHP-scripts.

I have installed RSS 2.0 feeds for News and Latest additions of the source collection as two separate channels. Additional channels will be added later.

In the lower part of this page I have added links for automatic translation of this website in french and german. At Google Translate other languages are available as well. I must say, I'm impressed with this service at Google. Facing double difficulties - I'm not an expert in english and my french is very poor - the outcome looks good as far as I can see. When a translation fails, it's often because my english was bad in the first place. In this way, it's helping me improving my english as well. The result of the german translation is not that good, but it is still in a beta-version. What does the french speaking community say about the french translation?

The translation service at Google can also follow the links on the website. But it fails to follow the partial update of the pages using AJAX-technique. For example, this becomes a problem when you navigate inside the map section. At this stage however, the translation service is not very useful, since most of the text that appears inside the map section, is in latin.

New interface for displaying indexed source documents. For an example, have a look at Concilia 2,1 no 13, 762, the synod of Attigny.

Carolingian coins and mint workshops are now on a separate map-layer. In collaboration with French Royals: Carolingian Coins, pictures of a number of coins are shown next to the text quote. Don't forget to visit this site for details about the coins and high resolution pictures. Load the mints layer by clicking here. The center of the map is at Paris, France. Time period is set from 500 to 877. As usual, click on the cities to see the pictures and the text quotes.

The testament of Bertramn, bishop of Le Mans 586-626 from Actus Pontificum Cenomannis in urbe degentium pp. 101-141. Corrected OCR-text from primary source found at Google Books Search, PDF-document.

Places of easter celebration of the frankish royal court 752-877 Link

There has been a major update at Persée, website for french scientific journals in social and human sciences. The journal Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes now contains the volumes 62-158 (1901-2000) in both image and text format. Volumes prior to 1901 are avialable at Gallica.

The medieval calendar is back in the maps section. It is based on the Medieval Calendar Calculator by Peter Binkley, 1999. The calendar calculator is a javascript application and has been modified to fit into this website. It is integrated with the listing of source documents, click on the date and the calendar will be displayed and synchronized. The calendar also keeps track of the years of the kings and emperors Pippin, Charlemagne, Carloman and Ludowic. At the moment, the displaying of names of sundays and other feasts in the calendar, don't work in Firefox. If you are not familiar with medieval calendar's, that is, you are unfamiliar with the concepts of Kalendae, Nonae et Idus, there is a good introduction to medieval calendars at the National Library of Sweden.

I have mapped the entire Prosopographie des personnages mentionnés dans les textes pour l'époque de Pépin le Bref et de son frère Carloman (741-768), by Didier F. Isel. This is a free online resource at prosopographie-id.de. The individual articles about persons around the sons of Charles Martell can be reached via the map interface offered at this website. The articles are in french. There are also a growing number of articles translated into german. There are currently 383 articles in the french version.

I have implemented URL-rewriting on the Apache-server, so that direct links to cities can be expressed as www.francia.ahlfeldt.se/city/Paris/. Paris in this example can be replaced by any city that is present in the database, currently over 10.000. Diacritical marks are depreciated and space in city names should be replaced with a "+"-sign, as in Sankt+Gallen.

Completely new interface! The interface consist of three parts, a single menu-row, a left and a right pane. The previous separate sections for maps, source-text and internet-source are now integrated into a single interactive maps section. There is a single form for the map options. The maps always turn up in the left pane. Use the search box in the menu to find things. The main alternatives are:

• city
• institution
• person
• names
• pagus
• document:
• source: links to free internet sources and literature covering early medieval Europe.
• quotes: quotes from primary sources.
• full-text: full-text source documents.

I hope this change makes it easier to navigate this website. Previous direct links to maps will not work.

Continued to add parts of Itinerarium Antonini and the itinerary of the pilgrim of Bordeaux, Itinerarium Burdigalense, to the maps. Online at Google Book Search is also the anonymous geographer of Ravenna in the 1860 edition by Parthey and Pinder.
There is a detailed description of the roman road between Bordeaux and Toulouse at the website The great gallic league, by Jacques Dassié, and an equally detailed description of the road between Toulouse and Narbonne at another website, have a look at Voies romaines by L. Decramer.
Last but not least there is a spanish website, Vías Romanas, covering roman roads in Spain and a road not mentioned in the itineraries between Valence, Alba and Uzès in France.

Added donations to itinerary of kings and dukes, e.g. Pippin the short (741-768) or Tassilo III, duke of Bavaria (748-788).

Added part of Itinerarium Antonini (339, 6 - 387, 3, Gallia and Germania) from the 1848 edition by Parthey and Pinder, which can be found online at Google Books Search. For the identification of cities I used a couple of online resources such as The first millenium, Itinéraires romains en France and Euratlas. They are all strongly recommended for those interested in late antiquity and roman roads.